An evaluation of the Intestate Commerce Act 1887 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1591 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT 1 Transportation has been a vital part of human existence, early forms of transportation accomplished by foot power and animal power. Eventually, humans started to invent powerful machines to handle the task of hauling goods and people too far off lands. As technology advanced, there was a need to establish rules for these forms of transportation by local, state, and federal governments. These new policy and regulations often covered all modes of transport while some covered only one type of transportation mode. All the transportation policies and regulations passed by the government are vital to keep the industry safe and make the playing field level for all companies. One of the most monumental policies passed was the Interstate Commerce Act. Which at the time of passage it affected only the rail industry. Why did the government feel this law was required and how did it effect the railroads? The Interstate Commerce act was a critica l step for the Federal Government. However, the push to regulate the railroads started before Congress intervened. Prior to the passage of the act, many local and state governments attempted to control the railroads with very little success. Early political action against these railroad monopolies came in the 1870s from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Grangerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  controlled state legislatures in the West and South. The Granger Movement had started in the 1860s providing various benefits to isolated rural communities (Our Documents, n.d.). There were landmark cases pertaining to the railroad monopolies brought in front of the Supreme Court, Munn v. Illinois in 1877, is one such case. In the case against Illinois, the high court ruled that local states have the rights to regulate industries within their borders if such industries effected public interest. This ruling was short lived; in 1886, the Supreme Court reversed the decision on the Illinois case. The case of Wabash, St. Louis Pacif ic Railroad v. Illinois again brought the dispute of railroad monopolies to the Supreme Court. The disputes started over the states, coupled with railroad influence, were still charging unfair rates. In the Wabash hearing two shippers transporting goods from Illinois to New York paid different prices for the same amount of cars. One shipper paid $39 or 15 cents per mile for the trip to New York. While the second shipper paid $65 at the rate of 25 cents per mile (Miller, n.d.). After hearing the case, the Supreme Court reversed the decision on Munn v. Illinois realizing that the states follow the same practices of the railroads. With the trust of the states in question, Congress had no choice but to get involved. The Interstate Commerce Act passed by congress in February of 1887. The Act, first called the Act to Regulate Commerce. This act was a major milestone as it was the first time the Federal Government took a role in trying to regulate an industry. The law came out of the ne ed to regulate the railroad industry. In the late 1800à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s railroads were the main form of transportation for goods and people. With no laws in place to regulate these railroads, they were turning into monopolies. The railroads could set their own rates for hauling goods with different prices depending on the distance that the goods would travel. They also had some cities where they were the only railroad allowed to access the city. With only one railroad servicing the city, if you wanted to ship via rail you had to pay the high price, as there was no competition. The railroads also favored the bigger companies in their service areas. The railroads cut deals with big shippers, in the form of secret discounts on the price to ship. These back room deals made it almost impossible for smaller business to compete in the market place, the local farmers received most of the burden. The following statement offers a great example of the issues farmers faced: Farmers were in deed agitated when corn sold for 15 cents a bushel in Iowa and $1.00 a bushel in New York City, and yet the farmer could not make a profit on the sale to the eastern destination because of the high railroad freight rates (Johnson Highsmith, 2009). Many local governments ignored what the railroads were doing. They received reduced or sometimes even free tickets on passenger trains. In 1886, the public wanted Congress to stop the monopolies that railroads had, many public groups lobbied Congress to step in and regulate the industry. (Aitchison, 1937) wrote, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Act to Regulate Commerce was approved by President Cleveland February 4, 1887. It was the first general exercise of the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (p.289) This Act served two main goals to regulate the industry. First, the new law formed a new federal agency called the Interstate Commerce Commission that consisted of nine members. The duties of this newly formed agency were to ensure that the railroads were following the new law. Secondly was how the law managed and regulated the railroads. One of the important ways to regulate railroads was to limit the rate that was charged. Any railroad, which charged more than a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  rate of compensation, was to be guilty of extortion, a misdemeanor (Hilton, 1966, p. 104). Additionally, the law enforced the fact that all rates should be the same for shipping no matter the distance shipped. The Act also required that the railroads post current rates for the public to view. Furthermore, the Act made it illegal for the railroads to offer discounts to any shipper, which made it easier for smaller companies to compete. Many parts of the Interstate Commerce Act were very vague on the provisions set forth, which had to undergo amending to correct the issues. One thing to note, the act started in less than perfect fashion. The Act declared that charges for interstate rail transportation should be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reasonable and just,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  but did not define this term or give the ICC the power to set rates (Ely, 2012). The only authority granted by the Interstate Commerce Act was for the Interstate Commerce Committee to review the rate only. In addition to the rates railroads charged, the goal of the legislation was to break the monopolies established years prior. However, Congress left a loophole in the original wording of the law. While the Federal Government regulated the trade between the states, the states still had the authority to regulate the intrastate trade within their boundaries. This loophole allowed states to undermine any Interstate commerce policy. When the act passed the five-member team of the Interstate Commerce Committee struggled to exert their authority, many railroad executives ignored the policies. This led to many more cases landing on the desk of the Supreme Court. The high court soon sent the cases back to the lowe r courts. In the early 1900à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Congress moved to fix many of the outstanding issues with the original law. In 1906, Congress passed the Hepburn Act. The act changed many things pertaining to the railroads, among the changes it granted the ICC power to establish maximum rates that were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“just, fair, and reasonableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (terms not defined in the act), and it granted the commission enforcement power (Clark, 2011). The enforcement power held the railroad executives accountable for not following polices passed by the Interstate Commerce Committee, with the penalty ranging from fines to jail for not heeding to the policies. In conclusion, as humans advanced from moving goods with animals to powerful machines, came an increase in the need to regulate them. Local citizens and businessmen took their concerns to the Supreme Court, while at first the courts allowed the states to regulate the industry; they soon understood the error in that decision an d reversed the ruling. In order to get these regulationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the public had to put pressure on the government. This pressure caused many new laws to satisfy the needs. Although the Interstate Commerce Act was not the only law passed to regulate the railroads, it was a first step to help smaller companies compete with their larger counter parts. The Act also prevented the railroads from becoming a monopoly. The act experienced many change to cover other forms of transportation as technology advanced. Even in these modern times, the Interstate Commerce Commission is still an instrumental part of the government. The Interstate Commerce Act was the building block for the way the United States transportation system operates today. References Aitchison,C.B. (1937). Evolution of the Interstate Commerce Act: 18871937. The George Washington Law Review, 5(3), 289. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gwlr5div=26id=page= Clark,C.L. ( 2011).The American Economy : A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. Ely,J.W. (2012). The Troubled Beginning of the Interstate Commerce Act.Marquette Law Review,95(4). Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5126context=mulr Hilton,G.W. (1966). The Consistency of the Interstate Commerce Act. Journal of Law and Economics, 9, 104. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.ezproxy1.apus.edu/discover/10.2307/724995?uid=3485568uid=3739960uid=2134uid=2478322653uid=2uid=70uid=3uid=3485120uid=67uid=62uid=3739256uid=60uid=2478322643sid=21103353042733 Johnson,J.C., Highsmith,J.M. (2009). MUNN V. ILLINOIS (1877) : A CENTENNIAL EVALUATION.Journal of Transportation Law, Logistics, and Policy,76(2), 234-256. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/216478000?pq-origsite=summon Miller,J. (n.d.). WABASH, ST. L. . P. RY. CO. v. STATE OF ILLINOIS | LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from https: //www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/118/557 Our Documents. (n.d.). Interstate Commerce Act (1887). Retrieved from https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=truedoc=49 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An evaluation of the Intestate Commerce Act 1887" essay for you Create order

Installing Ruby Version Manager on Linux

Rhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s I...

Few more influential words have been spoken than those uttered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s, â€Å"I have a dream,† speech. Perhaps one of the most famous and paradigm shifting speeches in all of history, Dr. King’s was spoken with candor, authenticity, fervor, and an enormous amount of tact. With his incredible intelligence and eloquence as a doctorate in Theological Studies, his establishment as such a respected leader, and his fervor and charisma in delivering the speech, Dr. King effectively established Logos, Ethos and most importantly, Pathos in what he proclaimed would, â€Å"go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† This speech makes evident that Pathos is the most important of the three rhetorical appeals, to the point where nearly every example of Pathos and Logos are to some extent, also examples of Pathos. The pulling on emotional chords inspiring individuals to act immediately supports the purpose of rallying a nation together in support of change. Pathos takes precedence in this speech, with Logos and Ethos following. â€Å"Five score years ago†¦,† was the phrase King began his own speech with as he proceeded to reference the Emancipation Proclamation, and the speech given by yet another influential man regarding the same issues, a speech with equal influence and respect. King cleverly established Ethos through the Logos of Lincoln’s speech in that even one of the most influential men in all of American history was for theShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech915 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech to the thousands of African Americans who had marched on Washington, D.C. at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. 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Greece; The Pros and Cons of Democracy Therein - 2680 Words

Introduction Greece; where many of the most important scientific and philosophical questions are thought to have first arisen, is also considered by most to be the birthplace of demokratia; or as we regard it, democracy. A system for and by the people, democracy has since transcended its early Athenian practice to become the most predominant political system in the world today. Thus wouldnt it be fitting to think that by now, Greece of all places would have found equilibrium throughout every aspect of a system it birthed several thousand years ago? Logically, this would make sense, but a democratic system of governance hasnt always been the preferred practice in Greece. In fact, Greeces democratic model is still relatively young when†¦show more content†¦Where they had not yet adopted the euro nor ascended into the union, Greeces public service sector (though accounting for half the countries GDP) was seen to seriously hinder any efforts to increase economic growth. But since accession, rapid mobilization of the economy has started to route out the stitches in the corrupt service sector (most reform has been in recent years though). But rapid economic reform didnt come directly after accession, for it wasnt until recently that Greece started better allocating EU subsidies. Until the country had finally set out to reform its poorly structured civil service sector, much of the subsidies were seen to be wasted on remedial government plans and initiatives such as increased electorate pay. Abuse of subsidies was recorded up until the early 90s, but since then Greece has seen considerable returns in foreign investments, and a marginal decrease in both the national debt and inflation rates . To better illustrate Greeces economic standing today, one might take note of the fact that the country is now in a position to distribute large amounts of aid (E.g., Bosnia- Herzegovina) while slowly relying less and less on EU subsidies. Many also believe that Greeces poor economic s trategies in early years should serve as a lesson for future Balkan members awaiting accession into the EU as well. When Greece had adopted a democratic system of governance, it also carried with it theShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthis when you paid attention to probabilities and consequences—you weighed the pros and cons—of going or staying. That is, you weighed the benefits and drawbacks. Heres a picture above of what to do. Think of a balance scale in which objects can be placed on either side of the scale. Put the pros on one side and the cons on the other, but assess each one by its significance or weight. After all the pros and cons are assessed this way and added onto the scale, the winner is the side that tiltsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesculture: when there is insufficient conflict Understanding the purpose of the organization and embedding it in the culture Critical theory and psychoanalysis present challenging perspectives for organizational design Social democracy and the democratic organization Democracy, rationality and power A psychodynamic perspective on design – create the boundaries Critical theory and psychoanalysis challenge understandings of leadership and management Conclusions 330 330 332 332 332 339 340 341 342Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesgovernment repression!). Over the next several months, police killed nearly 3,000 people who had been protesting government policies. When hundreds of thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators staged a protest rally at a prominent pagoda in Rangoon, Suu Kyi spoke to the crowd. Overnight she became the leading voice for freedom and democracy in Burma. Today she is the most popular and influential leader in her country even though she’s never held political office. What prepared this woman whose life wasRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesreally much older. Can you think of any other instances of seemingly new developments that have really been taken from the past? Jonathan Shaw, â€Å"Who Built the Pyramids?† Harvard Magazine, July–August 2003, 42–49, 99. Although the records of early Greece offer little insight into the principles of management, the very existence of the Athenian commonwealth, with its councils, popular courts, administrative officials, and board of generals, indicates an appreciation of various managerial functions

Marketing motorola cellphones in china Free Essays

China was known to be the leading civilization for so many centuries. It has surpassed the rest of the world in the arts and sciences.   However, the country was weighed down by civil turbulence. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing motorola cellphones in china or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country underwent significant food crises, military defeats and foreign occupation in the 19th and early 20th centuries (Morton, Lewis, Lewis 243). With one of the world’s longest era of continuous civilization, it also underwent repeated divisions and reunifications in the midst of sporadic periods of peace and war, as well as imperial dynastic modifications and successive incursions from outside. As Chinese economy expands and broadens its horizons, customer preferences and behaviors will inevitably change. International brands have captured the interest of the young generation. Brands loyalties are observed to be weak. The price, look, and quality considerations are still the strongest motivators of purchase. The remarkable fact is that the Chinese market for domestic and foreign companies is growing internally and externally. China is considered to be the world’s biggest consumer market and this presents significant opportunities to international and local business entrepreneurs. Family and Values in China The family is the most significant social and economic unit of society among the people in China. Members of a Chinese family are highly interdependent. Chinese traditional family life is composed of strong family unit ruled by the father and husband. However, as the people become modern, changes have occurred in the family make-up. The father is still the strong family leader and decision-maker but he no longer exerts absolute control over the children unlike in the past. However modernized the Chinese people currently are the traditional values of family importance and reputation still remain within the families. Today, the Chinese live in smaller family units In numerous families, grandparents typically tend the house and children during the day, and more and more children attend nursery school so that mothers could go to work (â€Å"Chinese Culture: Role of Family,† np). Chinese family is still closely knitted. Religion plays a vital role in defining the roles and responsibilities of family members (Overmyer 11). Regardless of the ideological transformations in the Cultural Revolution and more modern market orientation, Confucianism nevertheless has a fervent cultural impact upon Chinese family. Caution should be taken to make sure that religious beliefs are not disregarded when doing business in China. It is also essential to note that the Chinese culture emphasizes loyalty to family and devotion to traditions and puts less emphasis on individual feelings. Status of Mobile Phone Demands in China In the official website of China Daily a report states that there are 416 million mobile phone subscribers in China as of April 2006 (Xinhua, np). In fact, mobile phone users are twice higher than fixed-line users. Numerous international and local cellular phone companies are currently in the China market but the increasing demand for mobile phones and the continuous upgrading of new cellular phone models give a very promising future for Motorola Inc. News.com reported that the growing trend for cellular phone consumers in China is leaning towards fancy phones (Kanellos, np). Major cellular phone companies are now manufacturing mobile phones decorated with diamonds, gold, and silver. Short messaging or SMS is also one of the growing trends in the utilization of cellular phone in the China market. With the present population of 1.27 billion, Chinese businesses are definitely there to make money. On the other hand, Chinese buyers are there to satisfy their needs. Entrepreneurs are searching for profit and Chinese consumers are searching for value. China is an enormous group of many markets. Many cities in China are big that market segments within them exist as economically feasible units. There also exists a diversified consumer. Consumption priorities, for instance food and clothing, show significant disparity. This could be attributed to sub-cultural influences and varied income levels. It is essential to determine the differences and commonalities among Chinese people to succeed in marketing mobile phones in the country. Chinese are commonly cautious in their business relationships. Thus, diversity and commonality must be managed in China to be successful. Recommendations To maximize the full potential of Motorola Inc. the regional center should be situated in China’s most urbanized city, which is Hong Kong. In addition to the Chinese, Motorola’s consumer will be more diversified due to the numerous tourists who visit Hong Kong every year. Several stores will be set up in the malls with customer service centers to reach target customers effectively. As written earlier, family values are very high in China, thus the main target market will be the Chinese family. To encourage the Chinese family, promotions such as print ads and TV commercials will be focused on family connections and how a mobile phone such as Motorola could enhance family closeness. In marketing mobile phones in China, it is essential to stress the benefits of cellular phones to the modern Chinese family. Since there is a growing number of both parents working in a household, having cellular phones in the house and with the working parents are important. Connecting families with their other relatives through regular cell phone calls must also be stressed, especially when special occasions arise. It is also recommended that the cellphones be manufactured locally since labor and supplies are relatively cheaper in China. Summary and Conclusion China is a perfect place for Motorola to do business, particularly Hong Kong since it is the most urbanized city in China. Chinese consumers are greatly influenced by social values and the social environment. The increasing demand for international products is good news for Motorola Inc. To be able to tap the Chinese market, it is essential to include the importance of family and how Motorola cellphones could help strengthen the family ties. The strategy is to put up stores in all the malls in Hong Kong and provide customer service sections in each store to increase brand loyalty. Print ads and TV commercials will also be utilized to promote Motorola. Promotions will always include the importance of family ties to entice customers from parents to their children. Demand for cellphones are growing in China, thus it is due time that Motorola venture its business in China to increase global market share. In conclusion, the market environment in China poses a very promising opportunity for Motorola cellphones. The market opportunity in China requires resource investment, capability building, and effective marketing strategies. Furthermore, it requires an effective and appropriate culture and mindset. As a foreign business entrepreneur, Motorola must be able to build a genuine â€Å"China-customer mindset† to increase the speed of its business. Works Cited â€Å"Chinese Culture: Role of Family.† Birmingham City Council. 26 January 2005. 7 January 2008. Kanellos, Michael. â€Å"Legend Jumping into Cell Phones.† News.com. 3 June 2002. 7 January 2008 http://news.com.com/2100-1033-931006.html. Morton, W. Scott, Charlton M. Lewis and Charlton Lewis. China: Its History and Culture (4th editon). USA: McGraw Hill, 2005. Overmyer, Daniel L. Religions of China:The World as a Living System. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc., 1986. Xinhua, Y. â€Å"China’s mobile phone users top 416m.† China Daily. 22 May 2006. 7 January 2008 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2006-05/22/content_596866.htm.                How to cite Marketing motorola cellphones in china, Essay examples

IT Alignment Can Actually Be Trap for the Companies

Question: Why IT Alignment Can Actually Be Trap for the Companies ? Answer: Introducation: The companies mostly believe that the goals of the company regarding the IT should be aligned with the business goals for the company create values. Although, many companies do not understand that, instead of providing improvement for the IT alignment can actually be trap for the companies. According to Issa et al (2015), the Charles Schwab and Co company had gained a very high position in the field of the financial services because of the efficiency in the IT department of the company. It is first in ranking among the online trading businesses. In the earlier times the IT department had become very inefficient. It was basically run by the custom systems, and they had very snarling operations. The product that were IT based were produced with a delay, and they also disappointed the customers of the company who were valuable to them. In addition to this the Schwab Company was spending about 18% of the revenue on the IT department of the business, whereas many other companies who were competing with the company were spending less money in respect to the company. This was great disadvantage to the company in respect to the annual revenue of the companies. According to Doyle-Lindrud (2015), the tech-savvy companies also themselves in similar kind of predicament as of the Schwab Company. In addition to this the companies have realized that, the diagnosis of the IT inefficiencies have very often misguided the companies. It has been found that even after very efficient implementation of the IT alignment of the company the Business performances of the company that depend on the IT alignment have either decreased of have gone sideways, but did no have any improvement on the business qualities of the company. Ullah and Lai (2013), stated that for improving the IT alignment of the company the organizations have deployed various kind of resource planning system or have been designing, spate solutions for solving the separate kind of issues of the company. The overall complexities of the company have also increased due to the alignment into the businesses of the company. As a result the companies had to postpone the structural improvements of the company. The companies have been devoid of getting benefits that they thoroughly deserve. In addition to this the companies have incurred cost rises, delay in their processes, and have fragmentations in the business co-ordinations. Alignment of a wrong IT department would not help the organization to gain the objectives that they are looking for. Ye and Wang (2013), in addition to this more than 500 business executives of several companies were subjected to survey, and it resulted in the business executives rating their Companies IT capabilities very lowly. They were queried about the alignment as well as the effectiveness of the alignment and it was found that the result of the people could be divided into four quarters. Three fourth of the quarter of the people that were surveyed thought that the alignment was neither effective not efficient for the company. The company used the IT basically for the maintenance purpose. The systems that could be maintained for a very minimal value did not add much of a value to companies overall output. These type of companies had recorded very minimal amount of growth for the company. These companies had a growth rate of below 2 percent than the average growth among the companies. According to Coltman et al (2015), in addition to this it was found that 11% of the companies were very highly aligned in the IT department, however they were not very highly effective. In addition to this, the spending ogf the companies were13 percent more than the companies who had average spending. In contrast the companies had a growth rate of 14 percent less than the other companies. According to Ball (2016), only 8 percent of the people believed that the IT is very efficient for their company but the alignment of the IT for the company was not very efficiently done. The IT produced the project that were very cost efficient and had high functional value. This companies can be set apart from the companies that were under the alignment trap. These organizations were notably called the well-oiled organizations. The efficiency of these organizations were notably higher than the rest. The costs of the companies were 15 percent less than that of the other companies and the output of the companies were 11 percent more than that of the other companies. According to Sull et al (2015), among the rarest of the executives of the survey were the ones who thought that the effectiveness and the alignment of the IT were very both very efficient for the companies. But this was only 7 percent of all the people that took part in the survey. These companies recorded a growth rate that was about 35 more than the rest of the companies, while the companies had spent 6 per cent less of the all the resources that the other companies had spent. According to Heikkanen et al (2013), the survey and the findings makes it very clear that the getting the alignment of the IT for the companies in a correct procedure is very important for the companies. The most important task is to increase the effectiveness of the business of the companies. For the companies to achieve the growth level that is IT enabled it is very important that hey follow certain strict policies. Firstly the companies need to use simplifying techniques. The Company needs to simplify the IT department and its operations. They require to use new infrastructures and also use some standardized methods for their IT sectors. In addition to this the companies need to use, Right sources for the development of the IT department of the company. The IT alignment needs to be efficient and have a certain amount of capabilities for the department and create some innovations in their business applications. The in-house developments requires strategic and competitive differenti ation. In addition to all these the main focus of the companies to provide products that are of great are of great valuations. In addition to this for meeting the challenges the IT should be equipped with the right kind of the resources in the right king of amount. The objectives of the company should also be rightfully defined. References Ball, R., 2016.Operational effectiveness of the information technology function in business process change: A case study in a financial services firm(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). Coltman, T., Tallon, P., Sharma, R. and Queiroz, M., 2015. Strategic IT alignment: twenty-five years on.Journal of Information Technology,30(2), pp.91-100. Doyle-Lindrud, S., 2015. Watson will see you now: a supercomputer to help clinicians make informed treatment decisions.Clinical journal of oncology nursing,19(1). Hiekkanen, K., Helenius, M., Korhonen, J.J. and Patricio, E., 2013. Aligning alignment with strategic context: A literature review. InDigital Enterprise Design and Management 2013(pp. 81-98). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Issa, S.F., Schwab, C.V. and Field, W.E., 2015, July. 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